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The Research Behind Our Approach

Woman relaxing on a lounge chair with a cup.

Interoception

Khalsa, S. S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O. G., Critchley, H. D., Davenport, P. W., Feinstein, J. S., Feusner, J. D., Garfinkel, S. N., Lane, R. D., Mehling, W. E., Meuret, A. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Oppenheimer, S., Petzschner, F. H., Pollatos, O., Rhudy, J. L., Schramm, L. P., Simmons, W. K., Stein, M. B., Stephan, K. E., Van den Bergh, O., Van Diest, I., von Leupoldt, A., Paulus, M. P., & Interoception Summit 2016 Participants. (2018). Interoception and mental health: A roadmap. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.004


Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2017). Interoception and emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.020


Mehling, W. E., Price, C., Daubenmier, J. J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., & Stewart, A. (2012). The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). PLoS ONE, 7(11), e48230. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048230

Predictive Processing / Active Inference

Seth, A. K., Suzuki, K., & Critchley, H. D. (2012). An interoceptive predictive coding model of conscious presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00395


Seth, A. K., & Critchley, H. D. (2013). Extending predictive processing to the body: Emotion as interoceptive inference. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(3), 227–228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12002270


Van den Bergh, O., Witthöft, M., Petersen, S., & Brown, R. J. (2017). Symptoms and the body: Taking the inferential leap. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 185–203.

Fear Learning & Exposure

Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 10–23.


Craske, M. G., Hermans, D., & Vansteenwegen, D. (Eds.). (2006). Fear and learning: From basic processes to clinical implications. American Psychological Association.

Chronic Pain

 Moseley, G. L., & Butler, D. S. (2017). Explain Pain Supercharged. NOI Group.


Butler, D. S., & Moseley, G. L. (2013). Explain Pain (2nd ed.). NOI Group.


Melzack, R. (1999). From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain, Suppl. 6, S121–S126.


Apkarian, A. V., Baliki, M. N., & Geha, P. Y. (2009). Towards a theory of chronic pain. Progress in Neurobiology, 87(2), 81–97.

Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). A Bayesian account of "hysteria". Brain, 135(11), 3495–3512.


Hallett, M., Aybek, S., Dworetzky, B. A., McWhirter, L., Staab, J. P., & Stone, J. (2022). Functional neurological disorder: New subtypes and shared mechanisms. The Lancet Neurology, 21(6), 537–550. 


Pick, S., Goldstein, L. H., Perez, D. L., & Nicholson, T. R. (2019). Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: A review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 90(6), 704–711.


Perez, D. L., Nicholson, T. R., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., et al. (2021). Neuroimaging in Functional Neurological Disorder: State of the field and research agenda. NeuroImage: Clinical, 30, 102623.


Edwards, M. J., Yogarajah, M., & Stone, J. (2023). Why functional neurological disorder is not feigning or malingering. Nature Reviews Neurology, 19(4), 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00765-z

Pain + FND

Nicholson, T. R., et al. (2024). Pain and functional neurological disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 95(9), 874–884. 

POTS & Dysautonomia

Raj, S. R., Guzman, J. C., Harvey, P., et al. (2022). Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement on Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and related disorders. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 38(3), 357–372.


Vernino, S., Bourne, K. M., & Stiles, L. E. (2021). Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and other autonomic neuropathies. Continuum, 27(1), 136–162.


Arnold, A. C., Ng, J., Lei, L., & Raj, S. R. (2018). Postural tachycardia syndrome—Diagnosis, physiology, and prognosis. Autonomic Neuroscience, 215, 3–11.

Vestibular Disorders / PPPD

Staab, J. P. (2012). Chronic subjective dizziness. Continuum, 18(5), 1118–1141.


Staab, J. P., Eckhardt-Henn, A., Horii, A., et al. (2017). Diagnostic criteria for Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD): Consensus document of the Bárány Society. Journal of Vestibular Research, 27(4), 191–208.


Popkirov, S., Staab, J. P., & Stone, J. (2018). Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD): A common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness. Practical Neurology, 18(1), 5–13.

Mindfulness & Mechanisms of Change

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45.


Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living. Delacorte Press.


Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., Goldin, P. R., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015). Mindfulness broadens awareness and builds eudaimonic meaning: A process model of mindful positive emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 26(4), 293–314.

Rehabilitation Psychology

World Health Organization. (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). WHO.


Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136.


Waddell, G. (2004). The Back Pain Revolution (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone.

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